Updated July 2024
Americans have multiple pathways to move to Canada from the USA
If you live in the US, there are definite privileges when it comes to Canadian immigration. For US citizens, the pathway to permanent residence or working in Canada is even easier.
In this guide, we will explore multiple options. If you aren’t sure which is the best pathway for you to move to Canada, contact us.
Family Sponsorship for Permanent Residence (green card) in Canada from the USA
Canadian citizens and permanent residents are allowed to sponsor their family members for permanent residence in Canada. Unlike under the US immigration system, both spouses and common-law partners can be sponsored to Canada as members of the Family Class.
Americans have multiple options for sponsorship including both the In-Canada Class and Family (Overseas) Class.
It’s also possible for Canadian citizens to file their sponsorship application from the US, and then move to Canada as a family once the application process is finalized.
Please refer to our page on sponsorship applications for American citizens for information on sponsoring a family member from the United States.
Contact us if you have questions about sponsoring your spouse, common-law partner, or other family member from the US.
Move to Canada from the USA as a Canadian Citizen
You may be able to inherit Canadian citizenship through your Canadian mom, dad, or grandparent.
If your mother, father, or grandparent was already a Canadian citizen at the time you were born or adopted, either from having been born in Canada or having naturalized in Canada, then you may also be a Canadian citizen through descent.
To prove that you are Canadian, you can apply for your first Canadian citizenship certificate (proof of Canadian citizenship). Having this document will allow you to get your Canadian passport and relocate to Canada at any time.
In 2009, Canadian citizenship through descent was limited to the first generation born outside Canada, meaning that you could only inherit citizenship from a Canadian parent. This law was recently overturned as unconstitutional in a December 2023 court decision. Very shortly, the grandchildren of Canadian citizens who were born outside Canada will be able to apply for Canadian citizenship.
If you were born outside Canada, and you have a Canadian parent or grandparent, contact us to claim your Canadian citizenship.
Applying for Permanent Residence in Canada as an American Citizen
Canada offers the “Express Entry” system, processing immigration applications as quickly as six months. Through this process, American citizens can apply for Permanent Residence (PR) status based on a Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) points score. The goal of the point system is to determine the likelihood of the applicant succeeding in their new life in Canada, based on the applicant’s work experience, education, language ability, and what they have to offer socially and economically.
Instead of evaluating millions of applications submitted by candidates, the government of Canada extends an Invitation to Apply (ITA) for permanent residence to the highest scoring candidates, with age and language scores being some of the most important factors.
IRCC has also introduced Category Specific invitations to apply for PR for the types of workers who are most needed in Canada in 2024. These include
- Healthcare occupations
- Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) occupations
- Trade occupations
- Transport occupations
- Agriculture and agri-food occupations
- French-language proficiency
Contact us if you want to apply for PR in Canada under one of the Economic Classes.
Americans can consider applying to the following Express Entry programs:
- Federal Skilled Worker (FSW) Class
- Federal Skilled Trades (FST) Class
- Canadian Experience Class (CEC)
- Provincial Nomination Program (PNP)
Federal Skilled Worker (FSW) Class
The Federal Skilled Worker (FSW) Class allows Americans with training and experience in many different professions to apply for permanent residency in Canada. Points are earned dependent on the following: skilled work experience, English/French language abilities, education, proof of funds, admissibility and other factors (including age, existence of a job offer, and adaptability). Depending on the applicant’s ranking in the Express Entry pool, they can an ITA to apply for permanent residency.
Americans applying through this stream must provide proof that they have skilled work experience in one of the following job groups, as outlined by the National Occupation Classification (NOC) system.
The NOC was most recently updated in November 2022, and now jobs are classified by their TEER code (Training, Education, Experience, Responsibilities).
Jobs that fall under TEER 1, TEER 2, or TEER 3 are eligible for Express Entry. TEER codes 1 – 3 encompass the old NOC codes 0, A, and B which were considered “skilled work.” Jobs in TEER 4 or TEER 5 may be eligible for other immigration programs.
The following process outline is only for applicants looking to live in provinces outside of Québec, as that province has its own selection process for skilled workers.
Skilled Work
American applicants must show that, for the job with the TEER code that they are seeking to work in upon immigrating to Canada, they previously gained experience and performed the duties outlined in the lead statement of the NOC description, including all essential duties and most of the main duties. The past professional experience must have been gained within the last 10 years through paid work (not internships or volunteer service) for at least one continuous year of employment. (Both full-time or part-time employment periods qualify, based on the hours earned.
Language
American applicants must take an approved language test such as CELPIP or IELTS for reading, writing, listening and speaking in either English and/or French and earn a minimum score of 7 in all four areas of the Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB). (The results are valid for 2 years after the date of the test results and must be valid on the day of application for permanent residence).
Education
Americans with educational credentials from countries other than Canada, must provide a diploma, degree or trade apprenticeship certificate proving the completion of study/training from a recognized institution. Along with this they must obtain an Educational Credential Assessment (ECA) for immigration purposes from a designated organization to show the education is equal to a completed certificate, diploma or degree from a Canadian secondary or post-secondary institution.
If the applicant has completed studies in Canada, a certificate, diploma or degree from the Canadian secondary or post-secondary institution must be provided.
Proof of Funds
U.S. nationals applying to immigrate to Canada through the Express Entry system must show they have sufficient funds for themselves (and any family joining them) to settle in Canada.
This requirement is waived for individuals who are already legally working in Canada or have a valid job offer from a Canada-based employer.
Admissibility
When applying for the FSW program, you must be admissible to Canada. In other words, you must be considered healthy and safe to immigrate. Note – criminal inadmissibility can impact an applicant even if they were never convicted of a crime. If IRCC has reasonable grounds to believe that the applicant committed an illegal act (even without being charged), this can make someone inadmissible to Canada.
The most common reason Americans are found to be inadmissible to Canada is DUI (drunk-driving). Anyone with a criminal conviction must have been approved for criminal rehabilitation to be granted PR status in Canada.
Other reasons for which applicants may be denied admission to Canada may be:
- security reasons (i.e. espionage, violence, terrorism, war crimes, previous convictions of crimes)
- medical reasons (i.e. health conditions that are a risks to the public or cause excessive demand on health/social services)
- misrepresentation (i.e. providing false information or withholding information related to government decisions)
- having an inadmissible family member.
Inadmissibility stemming from a criminal record can be overcome. However, it is important to deal with the criminality issue before submitting an Express Entry application.
Contact us if you want to move to Canada.
Canadian Experience Class (CEC)
The Canadian Experience Class (CEC) stream of the Express Entry process evaluates applicants specifically based on their skilled work experience gained in Canada. Other areas that the CRS assigns points for are: English/French language abilities, education, admissibility and other factors (including age, existence of a job offer, and adaptability). The Government of Canada then extends ITAs to the top ranking applicants in the pool.
Previously, applicants were filtered into these three NOC categories:
1) Managerial job (Skill Type “0”) – in areas such as factories, offices, or resorts.
2) Professional job (Skill Level “A”) – such as architects, accountants, lawyers, teachers, medical workers.
3) Technical job and skilled trades (Skill Level “B”) – such as chefs, plumbers, electricians.
Now, with the updated NOC 2021, they are filtered into 5 TEER levels:
TEER 0: Management occupations
TEER 1: Occupations usually require a university degree
TEER 2: Occupations usually require a college diploma or apprenticeship training of two or more years; or supervisory occupations
TEER 3: Occupations usually require a college diploma or apprenticeship training of less than two years; or more than six months of on-the-job training
TEER 4: Occupations usually require a secondary school diploma; or several weeks of on-the-job training
TEER 5: Occupations usually require short-term work demonstration and no formal education
Skilled Work Experience
Americans applying to immigrate to Canada through the CEC stream must show that, while legally working in their occupation in Canada, they performed the duties outlined in the lead statement of the NOC description for which they are applying to work in Canada, including all essential duties and most of the main duties. This experience must have been completed in the last 3 years before applying and total 1 year full-time (or equal amount in part-time).
Note: The CEC stream does not accept the following towards the minimum experience requirements: Canadian work experience gained while studying, through self-employment or during a co-op term.
Language
Applicants must take an approved language test. The evaluation determines the applicant’s competence levels in the Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) for reading, writing, listening and speaking in English and/or French. These scores are used to determine whether the applicant meets the minimum communication requirements for the profession or trade he/she intends on working in upon immigrating to Canada.
The minimum requirement for NOC 0 or A jobs is level 7 in all 4 areas and for NOC B jobs is level 5 in all 4 areas. (The results are valid for 2 years after the date of the test results and must be valid on the day of application for permanent residence)
Education
For the Canadian Experience Class stream there is no education requirement. However any American applicants wanting to improve their ranking in the Express Entry pool can have CRS points assigned to their past education in one of two ways:
- If the American’s past education was obtained in Canada, points can be earned for a certificate, diploma or degree from a Canadian secondary or post-secondary institution or
- If the American’s past education was obtained abroad, points can be earned by having an Educational Credential Assessment (ECA) completed by a designated organization, showing that the education is equal to either a Canadian secondary or post-secondary institution.
Proof of Funds
U.S. nationals applying through the Express Entry process to immigrate to Canada through the CEC stream are not required to show they have enough money for themselves (and their family if joining them), to settle in Canada. This requirement is waived for individuals who are currently able to legally work in Canada or have a valid job offer from a Canada-based employer.
Admissibility
Just as with FSW, applicants cannot have any criminal convictions or criminal activity on their record. Even being arrested, detained, or having any interaction with the police can possibly lead to inadmissibility.
When applying for the CEC stream, you must be admissible to Canada. Criminal convictions for both felonies or misdemeanors can render an applicant to Canada inadmissible.
Other reasons for which Americans may be denied admission to Canada may be:
- security reasons (i.e. espionage, violence, terrorism, war crimes, previous convictions of crimes)
- medical reasons (i.e. health conditions that are a risks to the public or cause excessive demand on health/social services)
- misrepresentation (i.e. providing false information or withholding information related to government decisions)
- having an inadmissible family member.
Contact us for assistance with your Canadian Experience Class Application.
Federal Skilled Trades
Tradespeople may be eligible for an invitation to apply for PR under either the Federal Skilled Trades category, or the Trades category specific draw.
Applicants must show that, for the trades work they seek to do in Canada, they have performed all the duties outlined in the lead statement of the NOC description, including all essential duties and most of the main duties. This experience must have been gained in a previous paid role with the same NOC code as the job the applicant is seeking to work in upon immigrating and must have been earned after qualifying to independently practice the trade.
The skilled trade experience must have been gained within the last 5 years before applying and must total at least 2 years of full-time work (or an equal amount of part-time work experience).
Language
American applicants applying through this stream, must take an approved language test in either English and/or French. The tests assess their listening, speaking, reading and writing abilities according to the Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB). Minimum scores must be earned to be eligible immigration applicants for the FST stream. For listening and speaking a minimum level 5 must be attained. For reading and writing a minimum of level 4 must be attained. (The results are valid for 2 years after the date of the test results and must be valid on the day of application for permanent residence).
Education
For the FST immigration stream there is no education requirement. However, if an American applicant wants to improve their ranking in the Express Entry pool, they can do so by having their prior education included in the CRS points There are two ways applicants can go about this:
- If the applicant has had prior education in Canada, points can be earned for a certificate, diploma or degree from a Canadian secondary or post-secondary institution, OR
- If the applicant has had prior education abroad, points can be earned by having an Educational Credential Assessment (ECA) completed by a designated organization, showing that the education is equal to either a Canadian secondary or post-secondary institution.
Provincial/Territorial Trades Assessment
Most trades are regulated by a body that governs that trade for a province/territory. American applicants to the FST immigration stream will likely need to have the province/territory where they wish to live, assess the trade. Depending on the outcome of this assessment the Canadian employer may later have to provide the American worker with specific experience or training. Below is a list of links to websites with specific details for each province’s/territory’s Certificates of Qualification for the trades — as well as outlines of how these certificates can be earned. If a trade is not found under a provincial/territorial body, the Canadian Centre for International Credentials provides a comprehensive summary of who regulates the trades: https://www.cicic.ca/935/find_an_occupational_profile.canada?search=&cat=1&tp=7.
Proof of Funds
American applicants to the FST immigration stream must show they have sufficient funds for themselves (and any family member joining them), to settle in Canada. This requirement is waived for individuals who are already legally able to work in Canada at this time, with a valid job offer from a Canada-based employer.
More information about financial requirements for the FST process can be found at: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/express-entry/documents/proof-funds.html
Admissibility
When applying for the Federal Skilled Trades stream, Americans must be admissible to Canada. In other words, you must be considered healthy and safe to immigrate. The most common reason American applicants are found to be inadmissible to Canada is DUI (drunk-driving). If you have a criminal conviction, you must have been approved for criminal rehabilitation to be granted PR in Canada.
Other reasons for which Americans may be denied admission to Canada may be:
- security reasons (i.e. espionage, violence, terrorism, war crimes, previous convictions of crimes)
- medical reasons (i.e. health conditions that are a risks to the public or cause excessive demand on health/social services)
- misrepresentation (i.e. providing false information or withholding information related to government decisions)
- having an inadmissible family member.
Contact us for assistance with your Federal Skilled Trades application.
Provincial Nominee Program (PNP)
The Provincial Nominee Program gives applicants an opportunity to apply through the Province rather than apply through a federal program such as the CEC, FSW or FST.
The Federal government allocates an immigration quota to each province and territory, allowing the province or territory to select their own immigration candidates based on their own economic needs.
There are a total of 12 provinces/territories offering their own, independent, immigration program and stream. The criteria and eligibility requirements vary for each, on their economic needs and the industries in which they need to fill shortages. Each province/territory offers anywhere from 3-8 immigration streams.
While there are over 50 PNP streams, they can be broken down into the following categories.
International Student Streams – This category of streams allows American students who have recently graduated from a Canadian college/university to apply to permanently reside in the province. Please note that the majority of International Student Streams require a job offer.
Express Entry Streams – This category of streams is for American applicants who have already created an Express Entry Profile. The applicant approaches the province or territory where they wish to immigrate to, expressing their interest. If the province or territory approves the application, the application will be allocated an additional 600 CRS points, significantly improving the overall ranking. The province or territory then sends the candidate an Invitation to Apply for PR status, nominating them as a candidate of their Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPs.).
Semi Skilled Streams – This category of streams allows for the province or territory to bring to Canada, semi-skilled Americans in occupations that fall under NOC C and D. This helps the province fill shortages in semi-skilled occupations.
Entrepreneur/Business Streams – This category of streams is for American entrepreneurs or investors looking to invest in one of Canada’s provincial or territorial businesses or to create a new business in a specific province or territory. In addition to the minimum criteria, the eligibility criteria require a minimum net worth and a minimum investment. The amount varies depending on the province or territory. The applicant must also create a minimum amount of full-time Canadian jobs, which also varies according to each province and territory.
After the American has been nominated by the province or territory, they become candidates and can apply for permanent residency with IRCC. This application must be submitted online or by paper depending on the immigration stream.
Doherty Fultz Immigration specializes in the Ontario Immigrant Nominee Program (OINP) and BCPNP – British Columbia Provincial Nominee Program.
The OINP utilizes Express Entry for inviting candidates for several streams. As an American national, once you have created your profile with IRCC, you need to contact the province of Ontario to express your interest in immigrating. The Government of Ontario will assess your application based on your skills, education and work experience to determine how you could contribute to the province. If it is determined that you meet all the criteria and your immigration to Ontario would be beneficial to the province, you will receive an Invitation to Apply (ITA) for permanent residency with IRCC, as a nominee of the OINP. To apply for the OINP, you must submit an online copy.
Websites, with instructions on how to apply for the OINP and other provincial or territorial programs (PNPs), please refer to the links below.
- Alberta
- British Columbia
- Manitoba
- New Brunswick
- Newfoundland and Labrador
- Northwest Territories
- Nova Scotia
- Ontario
- Prince Edward Island
- Saskatchewan
- Yukon
Note: For each province/territory to reach their specific immigration targets (i.e., students, skilled workers, business investors, etc.), each has their own streams and, accordingly, their own requirements.
American applicants for a provincial nomination may either participate in the program through an Expression of Interest stream of an Express-Entry based stream.
All applicants will also have to complete an immigration medical exam and a background check, and pay application processing fees:
- How to get a police clearance for Canadian immigration:
Once the fees are paid and the application is submitted, the applicant will receive a letter confirming the need for biometric data to be provided and directives on where to go. This Letter of Instruction must be provided when going to give biometrics. Locations where biometrics are collected can be found at: https://www.cic.gc.ca/englis/information/where-to-give-biometrics.asp
Other fees that American applicants may need to pay include educational credential assessment or language testing. The instruction guide will outline what fees apply to the applicant based on their circumstances.
6 Things to Keep in Mind About Applying for PR in Canada Through Express Entry
- Quebec does not have a PNP. Information about their immigration streams can be found at: http://www.immigration-Québec.gouv.qc.ca/en/
- Paper-based, non-Express Entry applications have longer processing times than Express Entry online applications.
- Whichever process you apply through, you have to meet the eligibility requirement(s) of the province/territory you are applying to reside in.
- Regardless of which process you apply through, if you receive an ITA you must submit an electronic application for permanent residency to IRCC.
- When applying for the PNP stream, you must be admissible to Canada. In other words, you must be considered healthy and safe to immigrate. Reasons for which applicants may be denied admission to Canada may be security reasons (i.e. espionage, violence, terrorism, war crimes, previous convictions of crimes), medical reasons (i.e. health conditions that are a risk to the public or cause excessive demand on health/social services), misrepresentation (i.e. providing false information or withholding information related to government decisions) or having an inadmissible family member.
- Misrepresentation, by not being truthful on an application, by withholding pertinent information or answering dishonestly, could result in a refusal of the application, making the U.S. applying inadmissible and possibly barring him/her from applying for resident status for up to 5 years.
Contact us if you want to apply for permanent residence in Canada.
Move back to Canada from the USA
Renew Your PR Card From the United States
The PR card is a document used to prove your legal immigration status in Canada. If the card expires or is lost, it does not mean that one loses permanent residency status, just as one wouldn’t lose citizenship if a passport expired or was misplaced. However, this document allows permanent residents to cross back into Canada via airplane, bus or ship and is issued based on the determination that the permanent residency requirements (including the minimum 730 days physical presence obligation) are met. Alternatively, the U.S. national with PR status must provide proof that they meet an exemption from the PR status requirements.
The Government of Canada has specific guidelines for what qualifies as “urgent” when applying to renew a PR card. Doherty Fultz can assist you with your urgent application, to increase your chances of an approval at a highly critical time.
There are several legal exemptions for spouses of Canadian citizens living outside Canada as well as employees of Canadian businesses and governments who work outside Canada fulltime. For more information please see https://dfimmigration.ca/renew-your-pr-card-from-outside-canada/.
Status In Jeopardy
Because the Government of Canada requires permanent residents to meet its residency requirement (living within Canadian borders 730 days within a 5-year period), those having been away from Canada longer than the allowed time may have their Canadian PR status in jeopardy. In other words, if the reasons for the extended absence are not considered acceptable, PR status could be revoked.
Acceptable reasons for not living in Canada the minimum 730 days in a 5-year term are:
- Accompanying a spouse/common-law partner or a parent (in the case of a child) who is a Canadian citizen abroad;
- Being employed with a Canadian business (or the federal/provincial public service) on a full-time basis abroad;
- Accompanying a spouse/common-law partner who is employed with a Canadian business (or the federal/provincial public service) on a full-time basis abroad; or
- Humanitarian & compassionate reasons justifying the absence and the retention of PR status.
For those not living in Canada the minimum 730 days in a 5-year period, IRCC will conduct a Permanent Resident Determination investigation to look into the reasons for not meeting the physical presence obligation.
To prevent such situations from spiraling out of control, it is best to keep the time spent out of Canada under 1095 days and to keep meticulous records (dates, tickets, itineraries, hotel bookings, etc.) of any time spent abroad.
PR Card Renewal and Status Retention Through Humanitarian and Compassionate Grounds
If Americans with PR status have good reasons for their extended absence from Canada, resulting in their inability to meet the physical presence obligation of 730 days in Canada over a 5-year period (not necessarily consecutive), then applying for PR renewal on Humanitarian & Compassionate (H&C) grounds could save the day. A few examples under which H&C would be compelling for the officer to allow PR status, despite the applicant falling short on the residency obligations are:
- Severe injury or illness outside Canada.
- Severe injury, illness, or death of a close family member outside Canada.
- Caring for a relative or de facto relative outside Canada who is a minor child or who is unable to care for themselves.
- Inability to travel back to Canada due to travel restrictions (such as due to COVID-19)
- Applicant’s illness or incapacitation while traveling outside Canada
- Illness, incapacitation, or death of a family member who lives outside Canada
- Court, tribunal, or other legal proceedings outside Canada pertaining to the applicant
- Financial proceedings outside Canada pertaining to the applicant
- Best interest of a child
To determine whether an application for PR status should be approved based on H&C grounds, the officer must decide whether – on the basis of the balance of probability – the proof is convincing enough to merit the granting of PR status and an exemption from the physical presence obligation.
Contact us if you need to renew your PR card while living in the USA.
Move to Canada from the USA as a Student
One of the best ways to increase your Express Entry CRS score is to increase your education level by studying in Canada. Higher education gets you more points, and completing the education in Canada gets bonus points as well.
As long as you attend an approved program of study at an approved college or university, you will be eligible for the post-graduation work permit which will allow you to gain work experience in Canada after graduation. Once you have achieved a minimum of one year of work experience in Canada, you become eligible to apply for permanent residence using the Canadian Experience Class in addition to any other streams.
There are two paths for U.S. nationals to move to Canada as a student. Either via acceptance to a Designated Learning Institution (DLI) such as a College or University, or through the International Experience Canada International Co-op (Internship) Program as described above.
American citizens are exempt from requiring a visa or an Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) to enter and remain in Canada. However, they do require proper identification (i.e., an American passport). Lawful Permanent Residents of the U.S. require an ETA to fly or transit through a Canadian airport and have to present a valid Green Card and valid Passport at check-in.
For Americans who want to study in Canada for longer than 6 months, a study permit will be required. A study permit is usually valid for the length of the educational program, plus an extra 90 days, to allow students to apply for an extension or to prepare to leave Canada.
Things to Keep in Mind For Americans Studying in Canada
- The exchange rate for USD to CAD results in a net gain of approximately 35% for Americans.
- Even with international student tuition, going to college in Canada is still significantly less expensive than in the US.
- If an American national who is coming to work in Canada has a legal partner/spouse who they would like to bring with them for the term of the work/study permit, this person may be eligible to apply for a Spousal Open Work Permit. However, if this person is not an American national he/she may also need a visa to enter and stay in Canada.
- The number of refusals of study permits applications for American citizens has increased significantly in the past few years. This is because many Americans apply to educational programs in Canada which are inappropriate for their level of professional achievement or experience.
- Canadian immigration officers are more vigilant than ever for applicants they do not believe will leave Canada at the end of their stay. This also leads to refusals.
Even if you have applied for a study permit before which resulted in a refusal, you may still be able to be approved on a second try.
Contact us if you want to study in Canada.
Working in Canada After Completion of Studies
Once a student has successfully completed an educational program at least 8 months long in Canada, the graduate will be eligible to apply for the Post Graduate Work Permit. The work permit will be valid for the same length of time as their program of study. For this reason, if a student may want to eventually apply for PR in Canada, they should ensure they choose an educational program of around 2 years in length to ensure they have time to collect the required amount of work experience.
Americans who have already submitted their PGWP application can begin fulltime work before the application is approved.
To be eligible for the PGWP the U.S. national will need to meet the following criteria when applying:
- Within 180 days of applying for the PGWP, the applicant holds (or held) a valid study permit or was authorized to study in Canada without the requirement for a study permit as stipulated under the IRPA Regulations (Paragraph 188(1)(a) and (b))
- Must have temporary status in Canada or have left Canada after their studies at the time of applying
- Have graduated from an eligible DLI
- Submit proof of completion of at least 8 months of studies, leading to a degree/diploma/certificate from an academic, vocational or professional training program with an eligible DLI
- Maintained full-time student status in Canada all throughout their programs of study completed and submitted for the PGWPP
- Possess a transcript and official letter from the eligible DLI,to confirm the applicant has completed the program of study.
Eligible DLIs
To be eligible for the Post Graduate Work Permit, graduates must have completed their program at an eligible DLI.
In other words the studies can not have been:
- a course/program at a private career college
- an English/French as a second language course or program
- general interest or self-improvement courses
The American applicant must provide proof of completion of studies from one of the following eligible DLIs:
- a public post-secondary institution (i.e. a university/college, trade or technical school or CEGEP)
- a private post-secondary institution that operates under the same regulations as public institutions in Québec
- a private secondary or post-secondary institution in Québec that offers programs (900+ hours) leading to either a diploma of vocational studies or attestation of vocational specialization
- a private Canadian institution, authorized by the province to confer degrees (i.e. associate, bachelors, masters or doctoral degrees) so long as the student is enrolled in a program leading to a degree
To confirm the DLI’s eligibility you can refer to the Designated Learning Institution List
Non-Eligible PGWP Students
American post-graduate students are not eligible for the PGWP if:
- They previously were issued a PGWP
- They received funding from Global Affairs Canada (GAC), except Study in Canada Scholarship recipients
- They participated in the Government of Canada Awards Program (funded by GAC)
- They obtained the Canada-Chile Equal Opportunity Scholarship
- They participated in the Canada-China Scholars’ Exchange Program
- They participated in the Organization of American States Fellowship Program
- They completed most of the program of study via distance learning
- They completed their studies at a non-Canadian institution in Canada
Studying at a Designated Learning Institution (DLI)
To be eligible to study at a Designated Learning Institution in Canada, American applicants must meet the following requirement:
– must have applied for acceptance to a DLI in Canada, and have been approved;
– must prove they have enough money for tuition fees, living expenses for themself (and any family members accompanying the student to Canada) and return transportation for self (and family members who accompany the student to Canada);
– must be willing to obey Canadian laws;
– must not have a criminal record;
– must be able to provide a police certificate (if required);
– must be in good health and get a medical exam (if required); and
– must be able to prove to an officer the willingness to leave at the end of the allowed study term in Canada.
To apply for a study permit, documents are required in English or French, Canada’s official languages. If the original document is not in either language, a certified translation must also be provided. The documents required to apply as a student through a DLI are:
1) Proof of Acceptance – a Letter of Acceptance (hard copy or electronic) from the school that the applicant will be attending, to be submitted with the Study Permit Application.
2) Proof of Identity – an electronic copy of the information page of the American’s and accompanying member’s Passport(s) — or Travel Document where applicable — as well as 2 photos of each person.
3) Proof of Financial Support – the applicant must demonstrate financial independence for themselves, as well as all those accompanying him/her, while the Applicant is studying in Canada.
4) Letter of Explanation – a letter, outlining why Canada is the country of choice for the study program, must be submitted as well as demonstration that the American applicant understands his / her responsibilities while in Canada.
5) A Certificat d’acceptation du Québec (CAQ) – if the American is looking to study in Québec, this certificate needs to be provided.
6) A Custodianship Declaration is required in cases where the American student is a minor (under 18 years of age).
U.S. nationals applying to extend a study permit, may or may not need to provide updated biometric information. Previously submitted biometrics may still be valid if they were submitted at an earlier time. To see if your past biometric information is still valid, check the status tool at: https://onlineservices-servicesenligne.cic.gc.ca/extapp/termsAndConditions?&lang=en
* Biometrics need to be provided at Application Support Centers (ASCs) in the United States and its territories or, in Canada, at a designated Service Canada Office (SCOs). Appointments need to be made at a location near the applicant. Fees must be paid before attending the appointment. Applicants have 90 days from the date of the letter to submit their biometrics.
Note: A few days before the appointment, applicants should check if the respective office is open in case of extenuating circumstances. Furthermore, as of April 2020, Ministerial Instructions by the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration of Canada have resulted in applicants no longer permitted to submit hard-copies (paper) for their application for temporary residence.
The following Los Angeles / New York Office Specific documents are also required, when applying for a permit from the United States:
1) Application for Study Permit Made Outside of Canada (IMM1294) – this application form must be completed online; it is imperative that the generated barcode is printed and included in the application. An email address must be included or the application may be delayed or even refused. (If any of the questions from 3 to 6 were answered “Yes” then a completed and signed Schedule 1 form (Application for Temporary Resident Visa – IMM 5257B) is required. American applicants currently serving (or have served) in a military, security or police organization must attach their résumé, issued by their organization.
2) Family Information Form (IMM 5707) – the form must be completed, dated and signed.
3) Custodianship Declaration Form (IMM 5646) – the form must be signed and notarized for children under 18 years of age.
4) Birth Registration bearing the name of both parents or a copy of custody documents for the child must be submitted, if applicable, when the applicant is a minor (under 18 years of age)
5) Valid, Cancelled & Expired Passports – all these must be submitted (keep 2 photocopies of the ID pages) in case they are needed.
6) Proof of Current Legal Status in the United States – this is required if an applicant is not applying from their country of citizenship.
7) Letter of Acceptance – this letter must be issued by the university or learning institution in Canada where the applicant has been accepted to study.
8) Study Plan – a plan outlining the purpose of studying in Canada; the overall educational goal and how this program will enhance employment opportunities in the country of residence or citizenship; an itinerary; and the names and addresses of persons and institutions that the applicant intends to visit.
9) Proof of Financial Independence – the applicant must show personal monthly or quarterly bank statements for savings/chequing accounts or term deposit certificates for the past 3 months, to show sufficient funds to support the study plan.
If financial assistance is provided by someone other than the applicant the following must be provided:
- A letter signed/dated from the person paying for the trip and studies, stating in detail what expenses will be covered.
- Personal monthly or quarterly bank statements for savings/checking accounts or term deposit certificates of the past 3 months, demonstrating sufficient funds to support the application.
- Evidence of their source of income (i.e. an employment letter).
- Evidence of relationship between this person and the applicant.
10) Evidence of Current Activity – applicants must provide an account of activities in their current country of residence such as:
- Salaried workers: Provide an employment letter
- Self-employed, contractors or business owners: Provide a copy of contract(s), business registration and tax documents.
- Students looking to continue their studies after completing their program in Canada: Provide evidence of current enrolment (i.e. letter outlining length of program, payments made, registration for continued studies, etc.)
- Students who have completed their studies: Provide evidence of the completion of studies (i.e., a diploma, certificate, etc.)
11) Confirmation of Up-Front Medical Exam – in cases where the U.S. national, or a national applying from the U.S., has completed a medical exam with a panel physician prior to submitting the application, a copy of the document from the physician must be included.
Note: If you are a citizen or permanent resident of the United States, you may be able to apply for the study permit at the Point of Entry in Canada, so long as you have received acceptance to an educational institution in Canada and have completed the following before going to the border: 1) meet the eligibility requirements to obtain a study permit, 2) have a medical exam completed if required, 3) have all necessary documents needed for a study permit with you at the POE. If the form of travel is not by land (car/bus/train), as a Citizen or lawful Permanent Resident of the U.S., you will not require a visa but do have to get an Electronic Travel Authorization before boarding the plane to Canada. Upon arrival, the applicant will need to inform the officer that a study permit is being sought and the officer will review your travel document, will check if the eligibility requirements are met, and review the medical certificate (if one was required). Based on the information provided to the officer they will issue or refuse the study permit.
Contact us if you want to study in Canada.
Move to Canada from the USA on an Open Work Permit
Get a work permit through the International Experience Class (IEC) Mobility Program
Canada and the United States currently do not have a bilateral agreement to facilitate youth mobility such as in place between Canada and Ireland, UK, and many others. However, both U.S. citizens and permanent residents may apply to programs to move to Canada through one of the International Experience (IEC) programs, to either study or work.
The process consists of applicants creating a candidate profile online, which is then entered in one or multiple programs or “pools”. Candidates receive an Invitation to Apply (ITA) in “rounds” to each country/category. (At the end of each season, the profiles are removed from the pool). Once an ITA is received, the American candidate needs to apply for the appropriate work permit.
Recognized Organizations (ROs) are agencies who provide applicants with support in finding an opportunity to study and/or work in Canada, facilitating travel and securing accommodations. These organizations assist American applicants to submit a candidate profile for one or multiple programs. Since the positions for these programs are LMIA exempt, once an ITA is received, the candidate just needs to apply for the appropriate work permit.
Work permits can be applied for online through the IRCC account (recommended). If the applicant has a valid Invitation to Apply letter and a copy of the confirmation letter from the RO, Americans and legal Permanent Residents of the U.S. can also apply for their permit at a Port of Entry (POE).
The IEC programs that ROs assist American citizens and legal Permanent Residents with are the following three:
1) The Working Holiday Program
2) The Young Professionals Program
3) The International Co-op (Internship) Program
Note: While the International Co-op (Internship) Program is a study-based program, the Young Professional and Working Holiday programs are work-based.
1) The Working Holiday Program is available for Americans between the ages of 18 and 35. The program facilitates applicants who want to travel to Canada to gain temporary employment to help pay for their trip (up to 12 months). For U.S. citizens, the following criteria apply:
– must be an American citizen or legal Permanent Resident;
– must have a valid passport (American or other if Permanent U.S. Resident) for the time in Canada;
– must between 18 and 35 (inclusive) years of age;
– must have a minimum of $2,500 (CAD) to pay for expenses while in Canada;
– must have valid health insurance for the entire term in Canada (upon entry into Canada, might have to give evidence of this insurance);
– must not be inadmissible to Canada;
– must have, before departure, a round-trip ticket or demonstrate having the financial resources to purchase a departure ticket at the end of the authorized time in Canada;
– must not be accompanied by dependants; and
– must have paid all applicable the fees.
For this program an Open Work Permit is required.
2) The Young Professionals Program allows post-secondary graduates from the U.S. to further their careers through Canadian professional work experience in the applicant’s field of expertise through schooling or work experience, where a work term in Canada contributes to his or her professional development. Americans using the assistance of ROs (Registered Organizations) will need to, upon receiving an ITA, provide a copy of the Confirmation Letter as proof that the organization is assisting the applicant in finding work.
For American citizens participation in this program and the following criteria apply to applicants:
– must be an American citizen or legal Permanent Resident;
– must have a valid passport (American or other if Permanent U.S. Resident) for the full duration in Canada;
– must between 18 and 35 years of age;
– must have a minimum of $2,500 (CAD) to pay for expenses while in Canada;
– must have valid health insurance throughout the term in Canada (upon entry into Canada, may need to provide evidence of this insurance);
– must not be inadmissible to Canada;
– must have, before departure, a round-trip ticket or demonstrate having the financial resources to purchase a departure ticket at the end of the authorized time in Canada;
– must not be accompanied by dependants; and
– must have paid all applicable fees.
For this program an employer-specific work permit is required.
3) The International Co-op (Internship) Program allows applicants from the U.S. to gain valuable work experience in Canada, related to their field of study.
The following Recognized Organizations have offices in Canada and partnerships with the United States, providing paid services to Americans wanting to participate in one of the IEC streams.
- AIESEC Canada (Ages 18-30 – Young Professionals Program)
- GO International Work and Travel Providers (Ages 18-35 – Working Holiday Program)
- International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience (IAESTE) (Ages 18-35 – International Co-Op / Internship Program)
- International Rural Exchange (IRE) (Ages 18-35 – Working Holiday & Young Professionals Programs)
- SWAP Working Holidays (Ages 18-35 – Working Holiday & Young Professionals Programs)
- University of British Columbia (Ages 18-35 – International Co-Op / Internship Program)
Work Permits for IEC Programs
Once the applicant has received an ITA, the following needs to be submitted to obtain a work permit that allows the applicant from the U.S. to work in Canada:
1) All documentation submitted for the IEC application previously;
2) Any other information regarding the candidate’s work history, education and background; and
3) Other documents in support of the application, such as Proof of Financial Support, Medical Exams, Health Insurance, Police Certificates, CV/Resume, Passport, Digital Photo(s), Family Information Form (IMM5707), Electronic Travel Authorization.
There are 2 types of work permits an American national can apply for: employer-specific or open. The first, employer-specific, allows the applicant to work solely for the one Canadian employer indicated on the permit. The latter, open, allows the U.S. citizen or permanent resident to work for various Canadian employers. (The open permit is often applied for by partners who intend on accompanying an approved student or worker to Canada.)
Things to Keep in Mind For Americans Applying for IEC Visas in Canada
- If the profile of a candidate is in the Co-op Program and Working Holiday Program, only an invitation for participating in the Co-op Program will be granted. An invitation for the Working Holiday Program would only be made if all the spots for the Co-op Program were already filled.
- Because the cost of living varies based on where one settles in Canada, applicants should inform themselves on the cost of living in the city and province / territory they wish to reside in, before applying.
- Wages must follow the labour laws in the province or territory where the work term will take place. The labour code of the province or territory will determine if an internship needs to be paid or not.
- Employment and labour law standards apply to all U.S. nationals in Canada.
- It is up to the IEC candidates and their Canadian employer to ensure that the labour standards are met. If needed, address inquiries to respective provincial or territorial bodies.
- If an American national who is coming to study in Canada has a legal partner/spouse who they would like to bring with them for the term of the study permit, this person will have to apply separately for their own visa and permit to visit, study or work in Canada and their application will be examined independent of the IEC participant.
- U.S. citizens and permanent residents applying under a RO may not need a Police Certificate upfront if they have lived exclusively in the United States. Applicants who (since their 18th birthday) have lived outside the U.S.A. for 6 consecutive months or more must provide a Police Certificate for each of those countries or territories. Officers may request a Police Certificate at any time if they have concerns. More information about Police Certificates is outlined under the IEC participation eligibility requirements.
Note: Some jobs require a Medical Exam to be completed before a permit can be issued.
Note: A work permit in Canada cannot be valid longer than the applicant’s passport.
Note: IF you are inadmissible on the grounds of health or security, you may qualify for a Temporary Resident Permit (TRP)
Contact us if you want to work in Canada.
Move to Canada from the USA with Employer Support
Get A Work Permit in Canada if Your Job is Not Covered Under CUSMA/NAFTA
The company that wishes to employ an American worker must first try to recruit a Canadian citizen or Canadian permanent resident to fill the position, and then provide proof to the government that there is actually a labor shortage and that they must hire the foreign worker (American citizen). This process is known as a Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA).
If the application convinces Service Canada that the role requires an American national to come to Canada to do the work, the application is approved — deemed to have a positive impact on the Canadian labour market — and the American worker can come to Canada for employment in that role.
Once a positive LMIA is issued, then the US citizen can apply for their LMIA-based work permit. While in Canada on an LMIA-based work permit, the American citizen is only allowed to work for the employer and in the role for which the employer has received an approved LMIA.
After working in Canada for at least one year, the American citizen may be eligible to apply for permanent residence in Canada based on their Canadian work experience.
Peace Arch
Working In Canada Through the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA)
[Formerly known as the North American Free-Trade Agreement (NAFTA)]
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was replaced by the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) in 2018 and includes options for nationals of all 3 participating countries to enter each country as a business visitor, entrepreneur, or foreign worker in certain occupations – provided that the individual meets all eligibility requirements. In other words, citizens of the U.S. and Mexico can work in Canada without having to obtain an approved Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA).
Under the Agreement, there are currently more than 60 occupations (LMIA exempt), for which citizens of these countries are eligible to live and work in the other member nations. For American citizens wanting to come to Canada, each occupation has a different set of criteria, such as the requirement to have a written job offer in hand from a Canadian employer, at the time of applying. This means that the Canadian employer has extended a position to the applicant, for employment in the respective occupation and has also paid the employer compliance fee to IRCC.
Contact us if you want to work in Canada under NAFTA/CUSMA.
Classes of Business Persons and Workers Allowed To Work In Canada Under CUSMA/NAFTA
Professionals
Americans who work in one of the approved professions can apply for a work permit at the Canadian border. To apply, they must show proof of their US citizenship, a job offer with a Canadian company, and evidence that they have the credentials and ability to do the job described in their job offer, such as appropriate educational credentials or professional licenses. Contact Us to see if your profession falls under USMCA/NAFTA.
Intra-Company Transferees
This category of CUSMA/NAFTA is for individuals who are already employed with American or Mexican companies and wish to transfer to a branch, subsidiary, parent or sister company within Canada. This type of work permit can be applied for at the Canadian visa office or in person at the Canadian border (Port of Entry) by American citizens. The work permit for this kind of role is LMIA exempt.
Traders and Investors
This category of CUSMA/NAFTA is for employees of American firms engaged in substantial investment or trade with a Canadian business or government. The Traders and Investors category not only applies to Americans who are directly facilitating with this trade and investment, but also allow Americans with specialized knowledge or essential skills related to the goods or services being traded to contribute to the success of the American firm’s business dealings in Canada. This work permit is also LMIA exempt.
Canadian Embassies or High Commissions in the United States
Washington – Embassy of Canada
Consular District: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia.
Address: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 20001
Telephone:1-844-880-6519
Fax: (202) 682-7738
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Washington
Twitter: @CanEmbUSA
Atlanta – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee.
Address: 1175 Peachtree Street N.E., 100 Colony Square, Suite 1700, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A., 30361-6205
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519Fax(404) 532-2050
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Atlanta
Facebook: Consulate General of Canada in Atlanta
Twitter: @CanCGAtlanta
Boston – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.
Address: 3 Copley Place, Suite 400, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 02116
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519
Fax: (617) 247-5190
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Boston
Facebook: Consulate General of Canada in Boston
Twitter: @CanCGBoston
Chicago – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Illinois, Indiana (Jasper, Lake, Laporte, Newton, and Porter counties), Missouri, Wisconsin.
Address: Two Prudential Plaza, 180 North Stetson Avenue, Suite 2400, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., 60601
Telephone:1-844-880-6519
Fax: (312) 616-1877
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Chicago
Facebook: Consulate General of Canada in Chicago
Twitter: @CanCGChicago
Dallas – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas.
Address: 500 N. Akard Street, Suite 2900, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A., 75201
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519Fax(214) 922-9815
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Dallas
Facebook: Consulate General of Canada in Dallas
Twitter: @CanCGDallas
Denver – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Utah, Wyoming.
Address: 1625 Broadway, Suite 2600, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., 80202
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519Fax(303) 572-1158
Email: [email protected]
Internet:https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Denver
Facebook: Consulate General of Canada in Denver
Twitter: @CanCGDenver
Detroit – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Indiana (excluding Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton and Porter counties), Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio.
Address: 600 Renaissance Center, Suite 1100, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A., 48243-1798
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519
Fax: (313) 567-2164
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Detroit
Facebook: Consulate General of Canada in Detroit
Twitter: @CanCGDetroit
Los Angeles – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Arizona, southern California, Nevada
Address: 550 South Hope Street, 9th Floor, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 90071-2327
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519
Fax: (213) 620-8827
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Los-Angeles
Twitter: @CanCGLA
Miami – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Florida, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands
Address: 200 South Biscayne Boulevard, Suite 1600, Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 33131
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519
Fax: (305) 374-6774
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Miami
Facebook: Consulate General of Canada in Miami
Twitter: @CanCGMiami
Minneapolis – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota.
Address: 701 Fourth Avenue South, Suite 900, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A., 55415-1899
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519
Fax: (612) 332-4061
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Minneapolis
Facebook: Consulate General of Canada in Minneapolis
Twitter: @CanCGMPLS
New York – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Bermuda, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York State and Pennsylvania.
Street Address: 466 Lexington Avenue, 20th Floor, New York, New York, U.S.A., 10017
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519
Fax: (212) 596-1666/1790
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-New-York
Facebook: Consulate General of Canada in New York
Twitter: @CanadaNY
San Francisco – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Northern California, Hawaii.
Street Address: 580 California Street, 14th Floor, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 94104
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519
Fax: (415) 834-3189
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-San-Francisco
Twitter: @CanCGSF
Seattle – Consulate General of Canada
Consular District: Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington.
Street Address: 1501 4th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 98101
Telephone: 1-844-880-6519Fax(206) 443-9662
Email: [email protected]
Internet: https://www.canada.ca/Canada-In-Seattle
Facebook: Consulate General of Canada to Seattle
Twitter: @CanCGSeattle
Emergency consular assistance is available by calling the Embassy of Canada in Washington or one of the closest consulates. At any time, Emergency Watch and Response Centre in Ottawa can also be reached toll-free at 1-888-949-9993.
Visa Application Centre (VAC) in the United States
Los Angeles
Address: 8530 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 450, Beverly Hills, CA, U.S.A., 90211
Telephone: 1-888-296-4511
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.vfsglobal.ca/Canada/USA/
Hours: Monday to Friday (not declared holidays)
Application / Biometric Submission: 09:00 – 17:00
Passport Submission: 09:00 – 17:00
Passport Collection: 09:00 – 17:00
Note: The VAC in Los Angeles no longer accepts Study Permit or Work Permit Applications.
New York
Address: 145 WEST 45th street, 4th floor, New York, NY, U.S.A.,1003
Telephone: 1-888-296-4511
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.vfsglobal.ca/Canada/USA/
Hours: Monday to Friday (not declared holidays)
Application / Biometric Submission: 09:00 – 17:00
Passport Submission: 09:00 – 17:00
Passport Collection: 09:00 – 17:00
For details on travel restrictions currently in place for New York, applicants are advised to plan their visit to the Canada VAC in New York according to the information outlined at: https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-individuals-traveling-new-york-10-additional-states-will-be-required
Note: Following Ministerial Instructions issued by the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration of Canada, effective until 30 September 2020, applicants can no longer submit an application for temporary residence in paper at the VAC and must submit the application online via IRCC’s website: https://www.canada.ca/en/services/immigration-citizenship.html
Any application for temporary residence submitted in paper to the VAC on or after 10 April 2020, will be returned to the applicant.
While the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration of Canada lifted the suspension on the processing of temporary resident visa (visitor visa) applications on 1 July 2020, and processing of applications has resumed, travel restrictions to Canada remain in place as can be found on the IRCC website.
What to Bring to a VAC Appointment
When attending a VAC appointment, applicants will need to bring the following in hard copy:
– The confirmation email received after booking the appointment (with the details of the appointment);
– A valid passport or travel document (must have at least 2 pages blank on both sides);
– A printout of the Visa Application Form completed;
– All documents that are in support of the application; and
– Receipt printouts for payments made towards the application.
For the respective application, the Government of Canada guidelines must be consulted for the specific requirements.
